Incentive Misalignment in Communism: the case of Vietnam

Rainer Zitelmann writes in How Capitalism Beat Communism in Vietnam in Reason Magazine,

The state collectives did not reward members for the amount of rice they produced, but instead counted how many days they had worked. If you worked 30 days, you got 30 points, which gave you the right to a defined share of the harvest. If you worked 20 days, you got 20 points and correspondingly less.

Days worked is cheap to verify, hard to dispute, immune to weather. But it was not what the country needed, which was rice. Output was the right target, but no individual's contribution was measurable, so the Collectives graded attendance instead.

Farmers responded rationally — they showed up. Real effort migrated to private plots where they could keep what they made. While cooperatives absorbed 40 percent of state agricultural funding, over 60 percent of cooperative members' income came from the 5 percent of land left in private hands. In 1980 the country grew 14 million tons of rice against the 16 million it needed.

Private Property (under the Doi Moi reforms) fixed the problem: households leased land and kept what they produced. Vietnam is now among the world's largest rice exporters.

BOTTOM LINE: People will optimize whatever you count; and Private property aligns incentives and makes the proverbial pie bigger.